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Pneumonia definition, cause, clinical feature, investigation, treatment
October 19, 2019
Pneumonia:
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma is called pneumonia. Types:
*Lobar pneumonia *Bronchopneumonia In case of lobar pneumonia one or multiple
lobes of lungs are involved ! In case of broncho pneumonia, Only bronchus
of the lungs are involved! Now what are the factor predispose to pneumonia:
*Cigarette smoking *Old age *Upper respiratory tract infection
*Alcohol *HIV *Glucocorticoids therapy
*Recent influenza infection Organisms Responsible to pneumonia:
Bacteria: *Staphylococcus aureus
*Streptococcus pneumoniae *Micoplasma pneumoniae
*Legionella pneumophila *Clamydia pneumoniae
*Klebsiella pneumoniae *Haemophilus influenzae Viruses:
*Influenza, parainfluenza *Measles, Varicella
*Herpes simplex *Adenovirus , CMV Clinical Features:
(Symptomes) *Cough (Initially dry but later mucopurulent
sputum) *Haemoptysis
*Fever (rigor, shivering, malaise) *Pleuritic chest pain
(Signs) On general examination: Patients is toxic,
ill looking, raised temperature, increased respiratory rate.
On Respiratory system examination: *On palpation: reduced chest expansion, increased
vocal fremitus. *On percussion: percussion node is dull.
*On auscultation: Bronchial Breath sound and inceased vocal resonance. Investigations:
Complete blood count: If bacterial neutrophilic leucocytosis, if
viral leukopenia. ESR And CRP: Raised.
Chest X ray: Radio opaque shadow with air bronchogram.
Sputum study: Microscopic and culture. Pulse oximetry: to see arterial oxygen saturation. Treatment:
#Uncomplicated community acquired pneumonia: amoxicillin 500mg 3 time daily orally.
#If patient is allergic to penicillin: Clarithromycin 500mg twice daily oraly
#If saphylococcusi is cultured or suspected: Flucloxacillin 1-2g 4 times daily i/v
plus, Clarithromycin 500mg twice daily i/v #Severe community acquired pneumonia:
Clarithromycin 500mg twice daily i/v plus,
Ceftriaxone 1-2 g daily i/v
A urinary tract infection, or UTI, is an infection
in any part of the urinary system — the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. An infection of the urethra, or urethritis,
may cause burning sensation when urinating and cloudy discharge. A bladder infection, or cystitis, may result
in pelvic pain, frequent, painful urination, and blood in urine. A kidney infection, or acute pyelonephritis,
may cause back pain (possibly only on one side), high fever, chills and nausea. UTIs typically occur when bacteria enter the
urinary tract through the urethra and multiply in the bladder. Most commonly, these bacteria come from the
digestive tract through fecal matter. UTIs are more common in women because of their
anatomy. Specifically, the short distance from the
A to the opening of the urethra and bladder makes it easier for the bacteria from the
digestive tract to reach the urinary system. This is why the most common UTIs occur mainly
in women and affect the bladder and urethra. Other bacteria may be brought over with S
contact. Women who use certain types of birth control
such as diaphragms or spermicidal agents are more at risk. Hormonal deficiency during menopause also
makes women more vulnerable to infection. Infection limited to the bladder can be easily
treated with antibiotics. However, if left untreated, a lower urinary
tract infection may spread up to the kidneys where it becomes more dangerous. A kidney infection may result in permanent
kidney damage. In rare cases, an infection may also spread
to the bloodstream and can be life threatening. Urinary tract infections can be prevented
following these steps: – Drink plenty of fluids – to flush out
bacteria more frequently. – Wipe from front to back after a bowel movement
– this helps prevent bacteria in stools from spreading to the urethra. – Empty the bladder soon after I to flush
bacteria. – Avoid feminine products such as douches
and powders, which could irritate the urethra. – Avoid diaphragms and spermicides as birth
control methods
Yeast infections are about as common as creeping on your ex’s instagram page. This topic is repeatedly googled as most of us are ashamed to admit we’ve been visited by the yeaster bunny, and this one ain’t bringing no marzipan eggs. So let’s lay out the big ‘Y’ bare on the table because there’s a lot we need to discuss. Yeast Infections are caused by the overgrowth of Candida Albicans, which sounds like a wizarding name from Harry Potter, only it isn’t half as magical, because it refers to the overgrowth of a fungus living in our vagina which results in irritation, inflammation, itchiness, and also painful discharge. You can develop the yeasties from uncontrolled diabetes, hormonal imbalances, sex, and even a reaction to certain antibiotics. While there are a gazillion over-the-counter solutions people are turning to trusty ol’ coconut oil! Coconut oil has been used for centuries and studies show that it’s antibacterial nature is what kills the fungi. Get em’ boy! To treat it, get pure organic coconut oil and look for the 100% surety mark. The real stuff won’t smell too coconutty. Wash and dry the affected area thoroughly, apply an oil soaked cotton ball to the infected region and leave on for 20 minutes! That’s a good amount of time to kill so make sure you grab a magazine, or hey! just resort to instagram, you’ve still got that ex to stalk! If you aren’t a 100% sure that what you’ve got is a yeast infection, are already on medication for it, or getting it too frequently, we do not recommend glazing your privates like a takeaway doughnut, so do this under the right circumstances! So if you’re friends ask you why you’re walking funny, bravely tell them who’s come a-knocking because chances are, their remedies are even better than the one we have here! Until next time, stay tuned and stay Glamrs.